Chimeric proteins which enhance the activity of dna binding domains (dbd) and transcription factors in plants

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method of enhancing the activity of a transcription factor in a plant comprising expressing in said plant a chimeric protein comprising a GIF moiety comprising a GIF domain or fragment thereof, and a DNA binding domain (DBD) moiety. The chimeric proteins comprise a GIF moiety comprising a GIF domain or fragment thereof, or a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of a GIF domain or fragment thereof; and a DBD moiety comprising the DBD or plant transcription factor whose activity enhancement is intended, or a binding protein which is capable of forming a tertiary complex with the DBD or transcription factor whose activity modification and/or enhancement is intended. The invention also relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides useful in the method of the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to enhancement of the activity of transcription factors in plants. More specifically, the invention relates to a method of enhancing the activity of a transcription factor in a plant which comprises expressing in said plant a chimeric protein comprising a GIF moiety comprising a GIF domain or fragment thereof, and a DNA binding domain (DBD) moiety. The invention also relates to polynucleotides and polypeptides useful in the method of the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Transcription factors are proteins which regulate the expression of genes by specifically binding to DNA sequences (enhancers or promoters) and affecting the transcription of the genes they regulate. Such specific binding is rendered possible because transcription factors comprise a DNA binding domain (DBD) that is specific for the DNA sequences to which they attach. By up-regulating or down-regulating the expression of their target genes, transcription factors control many vital processes in living organisms, ranging from body pattern formation to resistance to pathogens and response to environmental stress.

The transcriptional activation ability of the transcription factors depends on a region of the transcription factors called transcriptional activation domain (TAD). These transcriptional activation domains can be classified according to their amino acid compositions: proline-, glutamine- or acidic-rich domains. These trans-activation domains retain their activity when fused to any domain that is able to bind DNA. Therefore, a transactivation domain can activate the transcription of any suitable gene whose promoter or adjacent DNA regions can be bound by a DNA-binding domain. These properties of the trans-activation domain make them useful for targeted induction of genes in yeast, animals, plants, and other systems. They are also useful to study DNA-protein and protein-protein interactions. Transactivation domains derived from the herpes simplex virus VP16 domain and the yeast GAL4 are commonly used in research in different systems, including plants. Given the importance of the transactivation domains in research and technology, it is important to find new and different ways to activate and modify transcription factors.

An example of transcription factors known to affect agronomical traits of plants are GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORs (GRFs), a family of transcription factors with an important role in the control of leaf and flower organ development. Expression of GRFs is high at early stages of leaf development, when intense cell proliferation is taking place (Rodriguez, Mecchia et al. 2010; Debernardi, Rodriguez et al. 2012). It has been observed that GRFs upregulate cell proliferation, and overexpression of GRF1, 2, or 5 produces an increase of the leaf size due to an increase in cell division (Kim, Choi et al. 2003; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005; Gonzalez, De Bodt et al. 2010).

Also important in regulating different stages of leaf development, including leaf size and shape, organ polarity and senescence are small RNAs in general, and microRNAs (miRNAs) in particular (Pulido and Laufs 2010; Rubio-Somoza and Weigel 2011). In Arabidopsis thaliana, seven out of the nine GRFs encoded in its genome are downregulated by miR396 (Rodriguez, Mecchia et al. 2010), a miRNA that accumulates with the age of the leaf reducing the levels of GRFs in later stages of leaf development (Rodriguez, Mecchia et al. 2010; Debernardi, Rodriguez et al. 2012). Mutations in different GRFs (Kim, Choi et al. 2003; Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005; Kim and Lee 2006) or overexpression of miR396 (Liu, Song et al. 2009; Rodriguez, Mecchia et al. 2010; Wang, Gu et al. 2011) reduce the size of the leaf. In contrast, mutating the miR396-binding box of GRF2 generates slightly bigger leaves, similar to what was observed with overexpression of GRFs from the constitutive and strong 35S promoter (Kim, Choi et al. 2003; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005; Gonzalez, De Bodt et al. 2010; Rodriguez, Mecchia et al. 2010).

Other examples of transcription factors whose activities have an impact on the agronomic properties of plants have been described (Van Camp 2005; Century, Reuber et al. 2008; Gonzalez, Beemster et al. 2009; Ikeda, Miura et al. 2013), including for instance those whose increased activity results in increased biomass (such as ANT, HB33, GRF3, GRF5, ATAF2, HRC1 and NAC1), increased stress resistance (such as CBF, HAHB4), increased drought tolerance (such as GRF3, HAHB4, ABF3, WIN1/SHN1, HARDY and AtNF-YB1), increased drought and cold tolerance (such as DREB1A/CBF3), delayed leaf senescence (such as GRF3), increased seed production (such as OsSPL14), increased seed size (such as ANT, OsPGL1), increased root growth, increased root elongation speed, increased growth speed (such as rSPL), modified plant architecture (such as TCPs and SPLs), increased chloroplast number and photosynthetic capacity (such as HB17 and GOLDEN2-like transcription factors GLK1 and GLK2), more efficient carbon partitioning, increased resistance to pathogens (such as AtERF1 and TDR1/ERF98), more efficient nutrient use, increased salt tolerance (such as ERF98 and HARDY), and increased production of a target compound (Jirschitzka, Mattern et al. 2013).

In regulating the expression of their target genes, some transcription factors act in combination with transcription co-regulators, which in turn help to recruit and/or activate the RNA polymerase or interact with the chromatin remodeling complex in making DNA more or less accessible for transcription. In the case of GRF proteins discussed above, for instance, they physically interact with GRF-interacting factors (GIF), a family composed by three members in Arabidopsis (GIF1, GIF2, and GIF3). GIF proteins lack a DNA-binding motif but share homology and a 24 to 28% of amino acid identity with the human coactivator SYT (Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005). Similar to SYT, GIF proteins have a SNH domain near the N-terminus, and a Gln/Gly-rich region near the C-terminus, denominated QPGY in SYT and QG in GIF. GIF proteins however lack the Met-rich region that is present between the SNH and QPGY domains in SYT (Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005). GIF1 has been shown to interact with chromatin remodeling complexes (Debernardi, Mecchia et al. 2014; Vercruyssen, Verkest et al. 2014). Considering the full protein, while GIF2 and GIF3 share 61% of amino acid identity GIF1 shows 31% of amino acid identity with GIF2 and GIF3 mostly due to a divergent C-terminus (Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005).

A Mutation in GIF1, also known as ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3), causes smaller, narrower leaves and petals, with a reduced number of cells, similar to the phenotypes seen in grf mutants (Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005). The phenotype of double mutants gif1,2 or gif1,3 and of triple mutant gif1,2,3 is more severe, indicating that GIF genes have redundant functions (Lee, Ko et al. 2009). However, single mutants gif2 and gif3 are similar to wild type plants, suggesting that GIF1 has a larger impact on leaf development than other members of the GIF family (Lee, Ko et al. 2009). Combining gif1 mutants with GRF deficient plants has a synergistic effect in leaf area reduction and can also affect the integrity of the apical meristem (Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005; Rodriguez, Mecchia et al. 2010). Ectopic overexpression of all three GIFs can rescue a mutation in GIF1 (Lee, Ko et al. 2009).

Therefore, it becomes evident that there are many transcription factors whose manipulation for an increased activity allows to obtain plants with enhanced agronomical properties, such as increased biomass, delayed leaf senescence, drought resistance, cold resistance, increased photosynthetic capacity, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Surprisingly, the inventors have found now that, when expressed as part of a fusion protein, GIF domains or fragments thereof (or even the complete GIF protein) can modify and/or enhance the activity of any plant DNA binding domain (DBD). That is, similar to TAD domains of transcription factors, SNH and QG domains of GIF proteins or fragments thereof can modify and/or enhance the activity of not just their natural partners, but of any plant transcription factor, of which the DBD is a constitutive part.

Therefore, according to a first aspect, the present invention comprises a method of enhancing the activity of a DNA binding domain (DBD) or transcription factor in a plant, the method comprising expressing in said plant a chimeric protein comprising:

a GIF moiety comprising

-   -   a GIF domain or fragment thereof, or     -   a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having at least 85%,         preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%         sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of a GIF domain or         fragment thereof;

and

a DBD moiety comprising

-   -   the DBD or plant transcription factor whose activity enhancement         is intended, or     -   a binding protein which is capable of forming a tertiary complex         with the DBD or transcription factor whose activity modification         and/or enhancement is intended.

In one particular embodiment of the method of the invention, the GIF domain is the SNH domain. In another particular embodiment of the invention, the GIF domain is the QG domain. According to the method of the invention, the GIF domain is preferably a GIF1 domain, such as a GIF1 domain from Arabidopsis thaliana. In one particular embodiment of the invention, the GIF moiety comprises or consists of a polypeptide selected from GIF1Δ1 (SEQ ID NO.: 3), GIF1Δ2 (SEQ ID NO.: 4), GIF1Δ3 (SEQ ID NO.: 5), GIF1Δ4 (SEQ ID NO.: 6), GIF1Δ5 (SEQ ID NO.: 7), GIF1Δ6 (SEQ ID NO.: 8), GIF1Δ7 (SEQ ID NO.: 9), and GIF1Δ10 (SEQ ID NO.: 61)

According to another embodiment of the method of the invention, alone or in combination with any of the above or below embodiments, the GIF moiety consists or substantially consists of a complete GIF protein or a protein with an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to a GIF protein, such as a GIF1 protein, for example GIF1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, preferably having the amino acid SEQ ID NO.: 1 or a sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 1.

According to another embodiment of the method of the invention, alone or in combination with any of the above or below embodiments, the plant DNA-binding domain or transcription factor in the DBD moiety results in increased plant productivity when its function is enhanced. According to this embodiment, the plant transcription factor is for example selected from the group consisting of transcription factors whose enhanced function increases plant productivity by means of one or more of increased yield, increased biomass (such as ANT, HB33, GRF3, GRF5, ATAF2, HRC1 and NAC1), increased stress resistance (such as HAHB4 and CBF), increased drought tolerance (such as GRF3, HAHB4, ABF3, WIN1/SHN1, HARDY and AtNF-YB1), increased drought and cold tolerance (such as DREBIA/CBF3), delayed leaf senescence (such as GRF3), increased seed production (such as OsSPL14), increased seed size (such as ANT, OsPGL1), increased root growth, increased root elongation speed, increased growth speed (such as rSPL), modified plant architecture (such as TCPs and SPLs), increased chloroplast number and photosynthetic capacity (such as HB17 and GOLDEN2-like transcription factors GLK1 and GLK2), more efficient carbon partitioning, increased resistance to pathogens (such as AtERF1 and TDR1/ERF98), more efficient nutrient use, increased salt tolerance (such as ERF98 and HARDY), increased target compound production, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment of the invention, the transcription factor is a GRF, such as GRF3.

According to another embodiment of the method of the invention, alone or in combination with any of the above or below embodiments, the GIF moiety and the DBD moiety are connected directly to each other. According to this embodiment, the chimeric protein has for example an amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 30, and SEQ ID NO.: 33, ora sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 30, or SEQ ID NO.: 33. In an alternative embodiment, the GIF moiety and the DBD moiety are connected through a peptide linker, such as a GR (Glucocorticoid Receptor) peptide. According to this alternative embodiment, the chimeric protein has for example the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO.: 24.

According to a second aspect, the present invention provides a chimeric protein comprising

a GIF moiety comprising

-   -   a GIF domain or fragment thereof, or     -   a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having at least 85%,         preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95%         sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of a GIF domain or         fragment thereof;

and

a DBD moiety comprising

-   -   the DBD or plant transcription factor whose activity enhancement         is intended, or     -   a binding protein which is capable of forming a tertiary complex         with the DBD or transcription factor whose activity modification         and/or enhancement is intended.

In one particular embodiment of the chimeric protein of the invention, the GIF domain is the SNH domain. In another particular embodiment of the chimeric protein of the invention, the GIF domain is the QG domain. According to the invention, the GIF domain is preferably a GIF1 domain, such as a GIF1 domain from Arabidopsis thaliana. In one particular embodiment of the invention, the GIF moiety comprises or consists of a polypeptide selected from GIF1Δ1 (SEQ ID NO.: 3), GIF1Δ2 (SEQ ID NO.: 4), GIF1Δ3 (SEQ ID NO.: 5), GIF1Δ4 (SEQ ID NO.: 6), GIF1Δ5 (SEQ ID NO.: 7), GIF1Δ6 (SEQ ID NO.: 8), GIF1Δ7 (SEQ ID NO.: 9), and GIF1Δ10 (SEQ ID NO.: 61).

According to another embodiment of the chimeric protein of the invention, alone or in combination with any of the above or below embodiments, the GIF moiety consists or substantially consists of a complete GIF protein or a protein with an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to a GIF protein, such as a GIF1 protein, for example GIF1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, preferably having the amino acid SEQ ID NO.: 1 or a sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 1.

According to another embodiment of the chimeric protein of the invention, alone or in combination with any of the above or below embodiments, the plant DNA-binding domain or transcription factor in the DBD moiety results in increased plant productivity when its function is enhanced. According to this embodiment, the plant transcription factor is for example selected from the group consisting of transcription factors whose enhanced function increases plant productivity by means of one or more of increased yield, increased biomass (such as ANT, HB33, GRF3, GRF5, ATAF2, HRC1 and NAC1), increased stress resistance (such as HAHB4 and CBF), increased drought tolerance (such as GRF3, HAHB4, ABF3, WIN1/SHN1, HARDY and AtNF-YB1), increased drought and cold tolerance (such as DREBIA/CBF3), delayed leaf senescence (such as GRF3), increased seed production (such as OsSPL14), increased seed size (such as ANT, OsPGL1), increased root growth, increased root elongation speed, increased growth speed (such as rSPL), modified plant architecture (such as TCPs and SPLs), increased chloroplast number and photosynthetic capacity (such as HB17 and GOLDEN2-like transcription factors GLK1 and GLK2), more efficient carbon partitioning, increased resistance to pathogens (such as AtERF1 and TDR1/ERF98), more efficient nutrient use, increased salt tolerance (such as ERF98 and HARDY), increased target compound production, and combinations thereof. In one embodiment of the invention, the transcription factor is a GRF, such as GRF3.

According to another embodiment of the chimeric protein of the invention, alone or in combination with any of the above or below embodiments, the GIF moiety and the DBD moiety are connected directly to each other. According to this embodiment, the chimeric protein has for example an amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 30, and SEQ ID NO.: 33, ora sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 30, or SEQ ID NO.: 33. In an alternative embodiment, the GIF moiety and the DBD moiety are connected through a peptide linker, such as a GR (Glucocorticoid Receptor) peptide. According to this alternative embodiment, the chimeric protein has for example the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO.: 24.

According to yet another aspect, the invention provides a nucleic acid encoding for the chimeric protein of the invention, for example a nucleic acid encoding for a chimeric protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 24, SEQ ID NO.: 30, and SEQ ID NO.: 33, or a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 24, SEQ ID NO.: 30, or SEQ ID NO.: 33, such as a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, and SEQ ID NO.:34, ora sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, or SEQ ID NO.:34.

According to a further aspect, the invention provides a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding for the chimeric protein of the invention, for example a vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding for a chimeric protein comprising the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 24, SEQ ID NO.: 30, and SEQ ID NO.: 33, or a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 24, SEQ ID NO.: 30, or SEQ ID NO.: 33, such as a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, and SEQ ID NO.:34, ora sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, or SEQ ID NO.:34, such as vectors pJD104 (SEQ ID NO.:14), pJD105 (SEQ ID NO.:17), pJD149 (SEQ ID NO.:20), pJD150 (SEQ ID NO.:23), pJD155 (SEQ ID NO.:26), pJD220 (SEQ ID NO.:29), pJD221 (SEQ ID NO.:32), pJD222 (SEQ ID NO.:35), and pCS55 (SEQ ID NO.:38).

According to another aspect, the invention provides a transgenic plant comprising a nucleic acid or a vector of the invention. In one embodiment, the transgenic plant of the invention comprises a nucleic acid encoding for a chimeric protein of the invention comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 24, SEQ ID NO.: 30, and SEQ ID NO.: 33, or a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 24, SEQ ID NO.: 30, or SEQ ID NO.: 33, such as a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, and SEQ ID NO.:34, or a sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, or SEQ ID NO.:34, such as a plant comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, and SEQ ID NO.:34, or a sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, or SEQ ID NO.:34.

According to yet a further aspect, the invention provides a method for obtaining a transgenic plant, the method comprising transforming a plant cell with the nucleic acid of the invention, for example a nucleic acid encoding for a chimeric protein comprising the amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 24, SEQ ID NO.: 30, and SEQ ID NO.: 33, or a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 18, SEQ ID NO.: 21, SEQ ID NO.: 24, SEQ ID NO.: 30, or SEQ ID NO.: 33, such as a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, and SEQ ID NO.:34 or a sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, or SEQ ID NO.:34, and generating a transgenic plant from the transformed plant cell. In a preferred embodiment, the plant cell is transformed with a vector of the invention, such as a vector comprising a nucleic acid having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, and SEQ ID NO.:34, or a sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, or SEQ ID NO.:34.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Chimeric TCP-GIF proteins have an increased activity. A) Phenotype frequency of primary transgenic plants harboring the different vectors as described in Example 1. On the right, pictures of 10 days-old seedlings representing phenotypes observed among the transgenic plants. B) Phenotype frequency for each vector observed in an rdr6 mutant background. On the right, pictures of 10 days-old seedlings representing phenotypes observed among the transgenic plants.

FIG. 2. GIF1 increases the activity of homeodomain transcription factors. Phenotype frequency of primary transgenic plants harboring the different vectors as described in Example 1. On the right, pictures of 15 days-old plants representing phenotypes observed among the transgenic plants.

FIG. 3. Increase of GRF activity and leaf area using GRF-GIF chimeric proteins as described in Example 2. Average leaf size corresponding to pools of primary transgenic plants harboring different transgenes. Different letters mean statistically significant differences (p<0.05). At least 50 primary transgenic plants were analyzed in each case.

FIG. 4. Increase of rGRF3 activity and leaf area using rGRF3-GIF1 chimera, as described in Example 3. Average leaf size corresponding to pools of primary transgenic plants harboring different transgenes. Different letters mean statistically significant differences (p<0.05). At least 50 primary transgenic plants were analyzed in each case.

FIG. 5. Schematic representation GIF1 (with fragments GIF1Δ1-GIF1Δ7, and GIF1Δ10), GIF2 and GIF3. GIF1Δ1 corresponds to amino acid residue positions 1 to 75 of GIF1, GIF1Δ2 corresponds to amino acid residue positions 1 to 111 of GIF1, GIF1Δ3 corresponds to amino acid residue positions 17 to 75 of GIF1, GIF1Δ4 corresponds to amino acid residue positions 17 to 111 of GIF1, GIF1Δ5 corresponds to amino acid residue positions 17 to 210 of GIF1, GIF1Δ6 corresponds to amino acid residue positions 73 to 210 of GIF1, GIF1Δ7 corresponds to amino acid residue positions 109 to 210 of GIF1, and GIF1Δ10 corresponds to amino acid residue positions 73 to 111 of GIF1.

FIG. 6. Map of the binary vector pJD104 (SEQ ID NO.:14) for expression of chimeric protein GRF3-GPF.

FIG. 7. Map of the binary vector pJD105 (SEQ ID NO.:17) for expression of chimeric protein rGRF3-GPF.

FIG. 8. Map of the binary vector pJD149 (SEQ ID NO.:20) for expression of chimeric protein GRF3-GIF1.

FIG. 9. Map of the binary vector pJD150 (SEQ ID NO.:23) for expression of chimeric protein rGRF3-GIF1.

FIG. 10. Map of the binary vector pJD155 (SEQ ID NO.:26) for expression of chimeric protein rGRF3-GR-GIF1.

FIG. 11. Map of the binary vector pJD220 (SEQ ID NO.:29) for expression of chimeric protein STM-GPF.

FIG. 12. Map of the binary vector pJD221 (SEQ ID NO.:32) for expression of chimeric protein STM-GIF1.

FIG. 13. Map of the binary vector pJD222 (SEQ ID NO.:35) for expression of chimeric protein TCP2-GIF1.

FIG. 14. Map of the binary vector pCS55 (SEQ ID NO.:38) for expression of chimeric protein TCP2-GPF.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In the context of the present invention, the expressions “chimeric protein” and “fusion protein” mean artificial proteins (i.e., proteins that do not occur in nature) in which at least two different polypeptides which normally are not part of the same polypeptidic chain are fused into a single protein.

The term “moiety” refers to each portion of the chimeric protein originating from a single naturally occurring protein or synthetic homologous thereof, including mutants and variants.

The expressions “GIF” and “GIF protein” designate any of the GRF-interacting factors present in plants, such as GIF1, GIF2, and GIF3 of Arabidopsis thaliana (SEQ ID NO.: 1, 39, and 40, respectively) and its homologous proteins in other plant species, such as Glyma19g43580.1 (SEQ ID NO.: 41), Glyma20g36960.1 (SEQ ID NO.: 42), Glyma07g05720.7 (SEQ ID NO.: 43) of soybean, and Os11g40100.3 (SEQ ID NO.:44), Os12g31350.1 (SEQ ID NO.:45) and Os03g52320.1 (SEQ ID NO.:46) of rice, and GRMZM2G180246_T01 (SEQ ID NO.:47), GRMZM2G154169_T01 (SEQ ID NO.:48), and GRMZM2G004988_T01 (SEQ ID NO.:49) of Zea mays. In Arabidopsis thaliana there is a 61% amino acid identity between GIF2 and GIF3 but only 31% between GIF1 and the other two GIF proteins mainly because of the divergent C-terminal regions, meaning that GIF function is preserved even in peptides with an amino acid identity of about 30%.

The expression “GIF domain” designates any of the two domains of GIF proteins (i.e. a SNH domain or a QG domain, amino acid residue positions 20 to 72 and amino acid residue positions 73 to 210 of SEQ ID NO.: 1, respectively). The expressions “comprise” and “comprising”, when applied to a polypeptide, protein, nucleic acid, vector and the like, is used with an inclusive rather than a limiting purpose. For instance, a polypeptide comprising a GIF domain must be interpreted as any polypeptide that contains at least one complete SNH or QG domain, and includes fragments of GIF proteins that are larger than a complete SNH or QG domain, including fragments of GIF proteins containing more than one complete GIF domain, and even complete or substantially complete GIF proteins, such as a complete GIF1 protein.

The expression “GIF motif” designates a polypeptide comprising at least part of a GIF domain and which preserves at least part of the enhancing activity of the GIF protein, including polypeptides comprising a complete GIF domain and polypeptides comprising or consisting of a complete or substantially complete GIF protein.

GRF-interacting factors (GIFs), are proposed to encode transcriptional co-activators (Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005). In Arabidopsis thaliana there are three GIF genes, GIF1, GIF2 and GIF3, and loss of function of these genes cause a reduction in the number of cells (Kim and Kende 2004; Lee, Ko et al. 2009). In the inventor's experience, overexpression of GIF1 alone caused no obvious phenotype (see below; (Debernardi, Mecchia et al. 2014); Patent Publication No. WO/2013/102762 A1), although it has been also reported that high levels of GIF1 might cause a slight increase of leaf area (Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005).

GIFs interact with transcription factors belonging to the GRF (GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORS) class which are known to control leaf size (Kim, Choi et al. 2003; Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005; Rodriguez, Mecchia et al. 2010). High activity of GRFs increases the number of cells in plants (Kim, Choi et al. 2003; Rodriguez, Mecchia et al. 2010). The GRF transcription factors contain a WRC domain which binds to DNA (van der Knaap, Kim et al. 2000; Kim, Choi et al. 2003; Kim, Mizoi et al. 2012). In contrast, GIFs lack a DBD, but contain an N-terminal region with homology to the SNH domain, which has been proposed to mediate interactions with chromatin remodeling complexes of the SWI/SNF family (Kim and Kende 2004; Horiguchi, Kim et al. 2005).

Herein, new chimeric proteins are disclosed, in which at least a GIF domain is fused to a plant transcription factor. Unexpectedly, expressing the chimeric proteins of the invention in plants results in an enhanced activity of the DNA-binding domain or transcription factor which is fused to the GIF domain. Thus, expression of the chimeric proteins of the invention is useful for modifying phenotypes of plants, particularly those associated with increased abiotic stress tolerance, increased biotic stress tolerance and increased yield with respect to a control plant (for example, a wild-type plant, a non-transformed plant, or a plant transformed with an “empty” nucleic acid construct lacking a polynucleotide of interest comprised within a nucleic acid construct introduced into an experimental plant).

A vast array of problems could arise when two or more peptides with specific biological functions are fused into a single chimeric polypeptide. Many of these problems would usually result in the loss of biological activity of the moieties fused into the chimera. For instance, the kinetics of folding of each moiety could be very different, and thus the folding of the fusion protein could be trapped in an intermediate state which is not compatible with the original biological function of the peptides forming the chimera. Importantly, even if correct folding is achieved by the individual moieties, association behavior of the members of the chimera could lead to a folding of the protein as a whole in which access to the binding site is blocked, preventing one or more of the moieties to accomplish its function.

Additional problems arise when peptides that work by forming a functional complex among them are fused into a chimera. In this case, even if folding is adequate and binding properties are not affected, it would be expected that the structural constrains imposed to the moieties by the covalent link on the chimera would prevent the formation of the functional complex between the two moieties of a same molecule of the chimera. In turn, this situation will favor cross-linking and aggregation of molecules of the chimeric protein, eventually resulting in loss of solubility and precipitation. Besides being stripped of its intended function, precipitation of the fusion protein could create additional disruption of biologic processes on its own.

Against all expectations, when a GIF domain or fragment thereof and a GRF transcription factor are fused into a single, chimeric protein, both moieties keep their functional properties intact and the activity of the transcription factor is enhanced. While expression of GRF3-GFP did not generate an effect on biomass, even when it could interact with the endogenous GIFs proteins, the chimera GRF3-GIF1 significantly increased leaf area. The interaction between GIFs and GRFs might be subjected to regulation in vivo and formation of the GRF/GIF complex will depend on the concentration of each protein. These issues seem to be avoided in the chimera, which surprisingly keeps the biologic function of the complex formed between GRF and GIF when these are expressed as separate proteins, free to interact without the constrains posed by their incorporation into a fusion protein. Plants have a variable number of GRF and GIF genes (e.g. there are 9 GRFs and 3 GIF genes in Arabidopsis thaliana potentially forming 27 different complexes). Although most or all GRFs, GIFs or their complexes are to some extent potential targets to increase plant productivity, not all of them would have the same activity in vivo. The chimera can thus be used to lock the one complex of interest, such as GRF3-GIF1, and specifically increase that single complex.

Even more surprising and with further implications, the transcription factor activity enhancement occurs also when the GIF domain or fragment thereof is fused to a transcription factor that is not its natural partner. Without attaching to any particular explanation, the inventors believe that this is a result of the GIF domain acting as a transcriptional co-regulator of the transcription factors to which it is fused. According to this interpretation, while the transcription factor moiety would attach to the specific DNA sequence determined by its DBD, the GIF domain would enhance the transcription factor activity through the recruitment of chromatin remodeling complexes.

Since polypeptides comprising a GIF domain or a fragment thereof increase the activity of transcription factors belonging to different families when fused as an additional domain in a chimeric protein, including the activity of transcription factors that normally do not interact with GIF proteins, the construction of chimeric proteins with polypeptides comprising GIF domains or fragments thereof can be used to increase or modify the activity of other transcription factors in general. For example, the construction of chimeric proteins with polypeptides comprising GIF domains or fragments thereof can be used to increase the activity and performance of transcription factor with already known functions in plant productivity, like HAHB4, NAC1, ANT, ATAF2, HB33. Moreover, as transcription factors and GIF proteins are conserved in plants, the system can be used to modify transcription factor activity in any plant species, including crops and other species of economic importance, such as soybean, maize, sugar cane, rice, and cotton. The polypeptide comprising a GIF domain or fragment thereof from these crops or from other plant species can be fused with transcription factors isolated from the same species, or other plant species, and can be used for enhanced induction of any target genes in those crop varieties. This approach affords enhanced activation of TF targets while avoiding contamination of the crop genome with expressed genetic materials derived from outside of the plant kingdom.

In particular, the inventors expect that the GIF motif might be used to optimize transcription factors when used in combination with inducible or tissue-specific promoters, such as RD29A which is responsive to drought or cold or ANT which is active in proliferative tissue. For example, rGRF3 increases plant biomass when constitutively overexpressed, but it also causes a delay in plant senescence and flowering time. These latter effects can be avoided if rGRF3 is expressed from the ANT promoter (Debernardi, Mecchia et al. 2014). Therefore, expression of chimeras of GRF3 or any transcription factor with a GIF motif combined with a tissue specific or inducible promoter provides a means of obtaining an enhanced crop without substantial negative phenotypes.

The transcription activation domain and the transcription regulatory protein within the chimeric polypeptide do not occur in nature in the same polypeptide, or do not occur in nature with the same order or orientation or with the same spacing within the same peptide, that is, they are mutually heterologous. The transcription activation domain and the transcription regulatory protein in the chimeric polypeptide also do not occur in the same copy number or configuration in nature.

It is well known to those skilled in the art that certain variation in the amino acid sequence of naturally occurring proteins is allowed without a complete loss of biologic activity. Generally speaking, it can be conservatively expected that proteins with a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of naturally occurring proteins would retain their biological activity at least to some extent. In the case of GIF genes, these function redundantly as positive regulators of cell proliferation, thereby determining plant organ size. Of course, higher sequence identity values, such as at least 90% or at least 95% will have more chances of retaining most or all the biologic activity of the naturally occurring sequence.

The percent identity can be determined by aligning the secuences whose percent identity is being calculated and comparing sequence information. A suitable alignment method is described by Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48:443, 1970) and revised by Smith and Waterman (Adv. Appl. Math 2:482, 1981). This method is implemented in the software program GAP software package, version 6.0 from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (UWGCG) (see Devereux et al. 1984. Nucl. Acids Res. 12:387). Preferred default alignment parameters for this software are: (1) a unary comparison matrix (1 for identities and 0 for non-identities) for nucleotides, and the weighted comparison matrix of Gribskov and Burgess (Nucl. Acids Res. 14:6745, 1986), as described in Schwartz and Dayhoff (eds.) (Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, National Biomedical Research Foundation, pp. 353-358, 1979); (2) a gap penalty of 3.0 and an additional 0.10 penalty for each symbol in each gap; and (3) no penalty for end gaps.

The invention will be now described in relation to the following examples, which are given with the sole purpose of illustrating particular embodiments of the invention, but are not intended to limit in any way the scope of the invention. It will become obvious to the skilled in the art that other particular embodiments of the invention are possible, such as those in which alternative transcription factors, GIFs, or plant species are used, all of which are within the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

“Chimeric Transcription Factors containing a GIF sequences have enhanced activity”

i) TCP Transcription Factors

The TCP family of transcription factors is specific of plants, was defined from the names of first genes discovered that encode proteins of this family: TEOSINTE BRANCHED1 from Zea mays (Doebley, Stec et al. 1997); CYCLOIDEA from Antirrhinum majus (Luo, Carpenter et al. 1996); and PCF 1 y 2 from Oryza sativa (Kosugi and Ohashi 1997). The transcription factors of this family share a 59 amino acid domain similar to the bHLH domain (basic Helix-Loop-Helix) that is involved in DNA binding and in protein-protein interactions. The TCP family comprises 24 members in Arabidopsis and TCP2 (At4g18390) was chosen for further experiments. Overexpression of TCP2 from the 35S viral promoter causes no obvious effect in seedling development (FIG. 1A) (Palatnik, Allen et al. 2003), and the inventors did not see any effect for the chimeric protein TCP2-GFP (FIG. 1A). It is known that TCP2 is negatively regulated by miRNA miR319, and silent mutations in the miR319-binding site (named rTCP2 because TCP2 becomes resistant to the miRNA repression) avoid this regulation increasing the activity of the transcription factor (Palatnik, Allen et al. 2003). Plants expressing 35S:rTCP2 have longer hypocotyls.

To analyze the effect of GIF1 on TCP2 activity a chimeric protein TCP2-GIF1 was generated with the wild-type allele of TCP2 (FIG. 1A). The full sequence of the binary vector used can be found in SEQ ID NO.: 35 and 38, while a map of the binary vector used is illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14. Arabidopsis wild-type plants were then transformed with these vectors and phenotypes of the primary transgenic plants analyzed. It was observed that the TCP2-GIF1 chimeric protein displayed phenotypes typical of plants with high TCP2 activity, similar to those observed in transgenic plants 35S:rTCP2 (FIG. 1A). In contrast the chimeric vector TCP2-GFP and 35S:GIF1 did not have any effect. A TCP2 gain of function can be therefore observed after de-regulation of its post-transcriptional control, or alternatively, by the addition of an extra domain with GIF1 sequences that enhances the activity of the wild-type protein.

It is known that a mutation in the RDR6 gene of Arabidopsis allows the higher expression of transgenes. Therefore, rdr6 mutant plants were transformed with vectors expressing the chimeric proteins TCP2-GFP and TCP2-GIF1. In this mutant background, it was observed that TCP2-GFP can cause longer hypocotyls in some of the primary transgenic plants (FIG. 1B). However, the frequency of plants with longer hypocotyls was significantly higher in plants expressing the TCP2-GIF1 chimeric proteins (FIG. 1B). For example, we observed that more than 60% of the 35S:TCP2-GIF1 primary transgenic plants had a very long hypocotyl, while less than 6% had the wild type phenotype (FIG. 1B). Altogether these results show that the addition of a domain containing sequences of GIF1 to TCP2 increases the transcription factor activity.

ii) Homeodomain Transcription Factors

SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) belongs to class I of KNOX (TALE) homeodomain transcription factors, which are widely distributed in plants and animals. They regulate diverse developmental processes throughout the Arabidopsis life cycle (Tsiantis and Hay 2003; Hake, Smith et al. 2004). The effect of GIF1 as an additional domain of STM was analyzed through the generation of a chimeric protein STM-GIF1 and the control STM-GFP (FIG. 2). The full sequence of the binary vector used can be found in SEQ ID NO.: 29 and 32, while a map of the binary vector used is illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12. Arabidopsis Col-0 wild-type plants were then transformed with these constructions and the phenotypes of primary transgenic plants were analyzed. Among the primary transgenic plants expressing STM-GFP or STM-GIF1, plants with distorted organs and growth arrest of leaves and cotyledons were observed (FIG. 2, right panel). However the frequency of these phenotypes was significantly higher in plants harboring 35S:STM-GIF1 transgene than in plants expressing 35S:STM-GFP. We did not observe any significant difference in pools of primary transgenic plants expressing 35S:GIF1 with respect to wild-type plants. These results show that the STM-GIF1 chimera is more active than the STM-GFP chimera.

Materials and Methods: Plant Material

The Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 accession was used as wild-type control. Transgenic plants are in the Col-0 wild-type or rdr6 mutant background. The rdr6-11 (CS24285) was obtained from the Arabidopsis stock center. Plants were grown in long photoperiods (16 hr light/8 hr dark) at 23° C. The plants were grown in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 50 μg/ml kanamycin to select the primary transformants.

Bacterial Strains:

All constructs were cloned in the binary vector pCHF3 (Jarvis, Chen et al, 1998). Plant transformations were carried out using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain ASE harboring the appropriate binary pCHF3 plasmids containing the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) selectable marker gene driven by the 35S promoter and the gene(s) of interest, namely GIF1, STM-GFP, STM-GIF1, TCP2-GFP, TCP2-GIF1 and TCP2, driven by the 35S promoter.

The cloning procedure used to make the transformation vectors is described below.

In a first step binary vectors containing the GIF1 or the GFP coding sequences were generated with a SalI restriction site in their 5″end to introduce the corresponding transcription factors to generate the STM-GFP, STM-GIF1, TCP2-GPF and TCP2-GIF1 fusions.

The GIF1 and GFP coding sequences were amplified by PCR using high fidelity Pfx50™ polymerase (Invitrogen). The PCR product was gel purified using a kit (Promega) and ligated to SmaI digested pBluescript plasmid. To 50 μl of DH5α competent E. coli cells 2 μl of the ligation reaction was added and transformation by electroporation. The cells were grown in 900 μl of LB medium for 1 hour at 37° C. and shaken at 200 rpm. The cells were centrifuged at 4000 g for 3 minutes at R.T., and the cell pellet was spread onto plates of solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated overnight at 37° C.

E. coli colonies were screened by direct colony PCR to ensure that they contained pBluescript with the insert. Twelve PCR positive single colonies were transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and incubated at 37° C. shaken 220 rpm overnight. Plasmid DNA was isolated using a mini-prep kit (Promega). The integrity of the constructs known as pBluescript-GIF1 or pBluescript-GFP was confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing of the insertion sites.

Digestion of ˜1.5 μg pBluescript-GIF1 or pBluescript-GFP in a 50 μl total volume reaction with SalI and PstI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer was performed at 37° C. for 4 hours in a water bath.

Approximately 1 μg of pCHF3 was digested with restriction enzymes SalI and PstI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer for 4 hours at 37° C. The linearised vector was dephosphorylated by incubation at 37° C. for a further hour with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP, Promega). The linearised vector was purified with a PCR product purification kit (Promega).

An overnight ligation reaction was performed at 16° C. and contained the GIF1 or the GFP fragment and the linear pCHF3 at a 3:1 ratio respectively. One unit of T4 ligase (Fermentas) was used in the 10 μl ligation. To 50 μl of DH5α competent E. coli cells 2 μl of the ligation reaction was added and transformation by electroporation. The cells were grown in 900 μl of LB medium for 1 hour at 37° C. and shaken at 200 rpm. The cells were centrifuged at 4000 g for 3 minutes, and the cell pellet was spread onto plates of solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated overnight at 37° C.

E. coli colonies were screened by direct colony PCR to ensure that they contained pCHF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-GFP. Twelve PCR positive single colonies were transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and incubated at 37° C. shaken 220 rpm overnight. Plasmid DNA was isolated using a mini-prep kit (Promega). The integrity of the constructs pCHF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-GFP was confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing of the insertion sites.

Phase two of the cloning process involves the steps to create pCHF3-STM-GIF1, pCHF3-STM-GFP, pCHF3-TCP2-GIF1 and pCHF3-TCP2-GFP vectors. The coding regions of STM and TCP2 were amplified by PCR using high fidelity Pfx50™ polymerase (Invitrogen). The PCR product was gel purified using a kit (Promega) and ligated to SmaI digested pBluescript plasmid. To 50 μl of DH5α competent E. coli cells 2 μl of the ligation reaction was added and transformation was carried out by electroporation. The cells were grown in 900 μl of LB medium for 1 hour at 37° C. and shaken at 200 rpm. The cells were centrifuged at 4000 g for 3 minutes, and the cell pellet was spread onto plates of solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated overnight at 37° C.

E. coli colonies were screened by direct colony PCR to ensure that they contained pBluescript with the insert. Twelve PCR positive single colonies were transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and incubated at 37° C. shaken 220 rpm overnight. Plasmid DNA was isolated using a mini-prep kit (Promega). The integrity of the constructs known as pBluescript-GIF1 or pBluescript-GFP was confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing of the insertion sites.

Digestion of ˜1.5 μg pBluescript-STM or pBluescript-TCP2 in a 50 μl total volume reaction with BamHI and SalI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer was performed at 37° C. for 4 hours in a water bath.

Approximately 1 μg of pCHF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-GPF were digested with restriction enzyme SalI and BamHI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer for 4 hour at 37° C. The linearised vector was dephosphorylated by incubation at 37° C. for a further hour with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP, Promega). The linearised vectors were purified with a PCR product purification kit (Promega).

An overnight ligation reaction was performed at 16° C. and contained the STM or the TCP2 fragment and the linear pCHF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-GFP vectors at a 3:1 ratio respectively. One unit of T4 ligase (Fermentas) was used in the 10 μl ligation. To 50 μl of DH5α competent E. coli cells 2 μl of the ligation reaction was added and transformation by electroporation. The cells were grown in 900 μl of LB medium for 1 hour at 37° C. and shaken at 200 rpm. The cells were centrifuged at 4000 g for 3 minutes, and the cell pellet was spread onto plates of solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated overnight at 37° C.

E. coli colonies were screened by direct colony PCR to ensure that they contained pCHF3-STM-GIF1, pCHF3-STM-GFP, pCHF3-TCP2-GIF1 or pCHF3-TCP2-GFP. Two PCR positive single colonies were transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and incubated at 37° C. shaken 220 rpm overnight. Plasmid DNA was isolated using a mini-prep kit (Promega). The integrity of the constructs pCHF3-STM-GIF1, pCHF3-STM-GFP, pCHF3-TCP2-GIF1 and pCHF3-TCP2-GFP was confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing of the insertion sites.

The plasmids pCHF3-STM-GIF1, pCHF3-STM-GFP, pCHF3-TCP2-GIF1, pCHF3-TCP2-GFP, pCHF3-GIF1 were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain ASE by electroporation. Briefly, 100 ng of plasmid DNA was added to 40 μl of electro-competent A. tumefaciens cells in a pre-chilled electroporation cuvette with 2 mm electrode separation. The cells were electroporated in a GenePulser (Biorad) with the following settings 2.50 kV, 25 μFD and 400 Ohms. Immediately 900 μl of liquid LB medium was added to recover the cells, these were grown at 28° C., shaken at 180 rpm for 2 hours. The A. tumefaciens cultures were spread onto solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated at 28° C. for 48 hours. Single colonies were selected and used to inoculate 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate antibiotics and incubated at 28° C., shaken at 200 rpm for 48 hours. Glycerol stocks and standard inoculums were prepared and stored at −80° C. The plasmids were checked once again, by enzyme digestion, prior to embarking on the Arabidopsis transformation experiments.

Plant Transformation:

Arabidopsis transgenic plants were obtained by floral-dip. The A. tumefaciens transformed with the pCHF3-STM-GIF1, pCHF3-STM-GFP, pCHF3-TCP2-GIF1, pCHF3-TCP2-GFP or pCHF3-GIF1 vectors were streaked onto solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated at 28° C. for 48 hours. A single colony was transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and transferred to a 28° C. shaker for 48 hours. A 1 ml aliquot of the resulting bacterial suspension was transferred to 100 ml of LB liquid medium with selection and grown over night in a 28° C. shaker. Overnight cultures were spun down at 3,000 g for 5 minutes at RT before being resuspended in 100 ml transformation medium (5% sucrose, 0.02% Silwett). Inflorescences from 35 days old plants were dipped into the suspension of Agrobacterium and plants were maintained overnight in darkness. Then plants were maintained in growth rooms at 23° C. with 16 hour day length. Plants were threshed when dry, and seed stored.

Transgenic Selection and Phenotypic Analysis:

Seeds were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol plus 0.05% Tween-20 for 15 minutes and rinsed once in 96% ethanol. Seeds were sown in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 50 μg/ml kanamycin to select the primary transformants. Plants were grown in long photoperiods (16 hr light/8 hr dark) at 23° C. The phenotype analysis of the primary transgenic plants was performed using a dissecting microscope. For each vector at least 100 primary independent transgenic plants were examined.

Conclusion:

The GIF domain can enhance the activity of any transcription regulatory polypeptide unrelated to the sequence of natural interactors (GRF) of the GIF domain when fused in a chimeric protein.

Example 2

“GIF sequences can increase the performance of a natural partner when used as a chimera”

Chimeric proteins GRF3-GFP (as controls) and GRF3-GIF1 were expressed (FIG. 3). No significant difference was observed in pools of primary transgenic plants expressing 35S:GIF1 or GRF3-GFP and wild-type plants transformed with an empty vector. However, plants expressing the chimera GRF-GIF1 had leaves significantly larger than wild type (FIG. 3). These results show that the chimera GRF-GIF is more efficient in promoting leaf growth than either of the individual components.

Materials and Methods: Plant Material:

The Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 accession was used as wild-type control. Plants were grown in long photoperiods (16 hr light/8 hr dark) at 23° C. The plants were grown in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 50 μg/ml kanamycin and selected primary transformants were transferred to soil.

Bacterial Strains:

All constructs were cloned in the binary vector pCHF3 (Jarvis, Chen et al. 1998). Plant transformations were carried out using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain ASE harboring the appropriate binary pCHF3 plasmids containing the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) selectable marker gene driven by the 35S promoter and the gene(s) of interest, namely GRF3-GFP and GRF3-GIF1 driven by GRF3 native promoter and GIF1 driven by the 35S promoter.

The cloning procedure used to make the transformation vectors is described below.

The binary vectors containing the GIF1 or the GFP coding sequences with a SalI restriction site in their 5″end previously described were used to introduce GRF3 and its promoter to generate the pGRF3:GRF3-GPF and pGRF3:GRF3-GIF1 fusions.

The coding region and the introns of GRF3 and the promoter (1.5 kb upstream the translation initiation site) of GRF3 were amplified by PCR using high fidelity Pfx50™ polymerase (Invitrogen). The PCR products were gel purified using a kit (Promega) and ligated to pGEM-T vector (Promega). To 50 μl of DH5α competent E. coli cells 2 μl of the ligation reaction was added and transformation carried out by electroporation. The cells were grown in 900 μl of LB medium for 1 hour at 37° C. and shaken at 200 rpm. The cells were centrifuged at 4000 g for 3 minutes, and the cell pellet was spread onto plates of solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated overnight at 37° C.

E. coli colonies were screened by direct colony PCR to ensure that they contained pBluescript with the insert. Twelve PCR positive single colonies were transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and incubated at 37° C. shaken 220 rpm overnight. Plasmid DNA was isolated using a mini-prep kit (Promega). The integrity of the constructs known as pGEM-T-GRF3 or pGEM-T-pGRF3 was confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing of the insertion sites.

Digestion of ˜1.5 μg pGEM-T-GRF3 in a 50 μl total volume reaction with KpnI and SalI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer was performed at 37° C. for 4 hour in a water bath.

Digestion of ˜1.5 μg pGEM-T-pGRF3 in a 50 μl total volume reaction with MunI (Fermentas) and KpnI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer was performed at 37° C. for 4 hours in a water bath.

Approximately 1 μg of pCHF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-GPF were digested with restriction enzymes EcoRI and SalI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer for 4 hours at 37° C. The linearised vector was dephosphorylated by incubation at 37° C. for a further hour with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP, Promega). The linearised vectors were purified with a PCR product purification kit (Promega).

An overnight ligation reaction was performed at 16° C. and contained the GRF3 and the pGRF3 fragments and the linear pCHF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-GFP vectors at a 3:3:1 ratio respectively. One unit of T4 ligase (Fermentas) was used in the 10 μl ligation. To 50 μl of DH5α competent E. coli cells 2 μl of the ligation reaction was added and transformation was carried out by electroporation. The cells were grown in 900 μl of LB medium for 1 hour at 37° C. and shaken at 200 rpm. The cells were centrifuged at 4000 g for 3 minutes, and the cell pellet was spread onto plates of solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated overnight at 37° C.

E. coli colonies were screened by direct colony PCR to ensure that they contained pCHF3-pGRF3:GRF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-pGRF3:GRF3-GFP. Two PCR positive single colonies were transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and incubated at 37° C. shaken 220 rpm overnight. Plasmid DNA was isolated using a mini-prep kit (Promega). The integrity of the constructs pCHF3-pGRF3:GRF3-GIF1 and pCHF3-pGRF3:GRF3-GFP was confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing of the insertion sites.

The plasmids pCHF3-pGRF3:GRF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-pGRF3:GRF3-GFP were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain ASE by electroporation. Briefly, 100 ng of plasmid DNA was added to 40 μl of electro-competent A. tumefaciens cells in a pre-chilled electroporation cuvette with 2 mm electrode separation. The cells were electroporated in a GenePulser (Biorad) with the following settings 2.50 kV, 25 μFD and 400 Ohms. Immediately 900 μl of liquid LB medium was added to recover the cells, these were grown at 28° C., shaken at 180 rpm for 2 hours. The A. tumefaciens cultures were spread onto solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated at 28° C. for 48 hours. Single colonies were selected and used to inoculate 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate antibiotics and incubated at 28° C., shaken at 200 rpm for 48 hours. Glycerol stocks and standard inoculums were prepared and stored at −80° C. The plasmids were checked once again, by enzyme digestion, prior to embarking on the Arabidopsis transformation experiments.

Plant Transformation:

Arabidopsis transgenic plants were obtained by floral-dip. The A. tumefaciens transformed with the pCHF3-pGRF3:GRF3-GIF1, pCHF3-pGRF3:GRF3-GFP or pCHF3-GIF1 vectors were streaked onto solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated at 28° C. for 48 hours. A single colony was transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and transferred to a 28° C. shaker for 48 hours. A 1 ml aliquot of the resulting bacterial suspension was transferred to 100 ml of LB liquid medium with selection and grown over night in a 28° C. shaker. Overnight cultures were spun down at 3,000 g for 5 minutes at RT. before being re suspended in 100 ml transformation medium (5% sucrose, 0.02% Silwett). Inflorescences from 35 days old plants were dipped into the suspension of Agrobacterium and plants were maintained overnight in darkness. Then plants were maintained in growth rooms at 23° C. with 16 hour day length. Plants were threshed when dry, and seed stored.

Transgenic Selection and Phenotypic Analysis:

Seeds were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol plus 0.05% Tween-20 for 15 minutes and rinsed once in 96% ethanol. Seeds were sown in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 50 μg/ml kanamycin to select the primary transformants. Plants were grown in long photoperiods (16 hr light/8 hr dark) at 23° C. for 6 days, after that selected primary transgenics were transferred to soil and maintained under the same conditions of light and temperature. Leaf area was measured by first taking a photograph of detached fully expanded third leaves from 35 days old plants, and then measuring the foliar area with the NIH software ImageJ. For this analysis leaves from at least 50 independent primary transgenic plants were collected for each vector.

Conclusion:

The expression of a single transgene produces a chimeric protein containing both GRF GIF activities.

The chimeric protein GRF3-GIF1 is more active than the GRF3-GFP chimera and induces an increase in plant biomass production.

The chimeric protein GRF3-GIF1 can greatly enhance the performance of GRF3 in plant productivity.

Example 3

“GIF Sequences can Increase the Performance of rGRF3”

A previous report has shown that GRF3 transgenes insensitive to the regulation by microRNA miR396 (rGRF3) caused an increased biomass accumulation and tolerance to drought (Debernardi, Mecchia et al. 2014); Patent Publication No. WO/2013/102762 A1). For that reason, it was evaluated whether a chimeric rGRF-GIF transgene would have an enhanced activity in comparison to rGRF per se.

To test this possibility vectors expressing a miR396-resistant version of GRF3 fused to the N-terminal of GIF1 were generated. Control vectors where an rGRF3 version was fused to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were generated. The full sequence of the binary vectors used can be found in SEQ ID NO.:14, 17, 20, and 23, while a map of the binary vectors used is illustrated in FIGS. 6 to 9.

It was observed that the rGRF3-GFP transgene can increase the leaf area with respect to control plants (FIG. 4), in agreement with previous results (Patent Publication No. WO/2013/102762 A1). However, plants harboring the chimera rGRF3-GIF1 have even larger leaves than rGRF3-GFP (FIG. 4), showing that the chimera can add extra value to an already useful tool to increase plant biomass.

Materials and Methods: Plant Material:

The Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 accession was used as wild-type control. Plants were grown in long photoperiods (16 hr light/8 hr dark) at 23° C. The plants were grown in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 50 μg/ml kanamycin and selected primary transformants were transferred to soil.

Bacterial Strains:

All constructs were cloned in the binary vector pCHF3 (Jarvis, Chen et al. 1998). Plant transformations were carried out using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain ASE harboring the appropriate binary pCHF3 plasmids containing the neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) selectable marker gene driven by the 35S promoter and the gene(s) of interest, namely rGRF3-GFP and rGRF3-GIF1 driven by GRF3 native promoter and GIF1 driven by the 35S promoter.

The cloning procedure used to make the transformation vectors is described below. The binary vectors containing the GIF1 or the GFP coding sequences with a SalI restriction site in their 5″end previously described were used to introduce rGRF3 and GRF3 native promoter to generate the pGRF3:rGRF3-GPF and pGRF3:rGRF3-GIF1 fusions.

The miRNA target motif in GRF3 was altered introducing synonymous mutations in the cloned GRF3 wild type genomic fragment (pGEM-T-GRF3) using the QuikChange® Site Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene).

Digestion of ˜1.5 μg pGEM-T-rGRF3 in a 50 μl total volume reaction with KpnI and SalI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer was performed at 37° C. for 4 hour in a water bath. Digestion of ˜1.5 μg pGEM-T-pGRF3 in a 50 μl total volume reaction with MunI (Fermentas) and KpnI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer was performed at 37° C. for 4 hours in a water bath.

Approximately 1 μg of pCHF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-GPF was digested with restriction enzymes EcoRI and SalI (Promega) in the appropriate buffer for 4 hour at 37° C. The linearised vector was dephosphorylated by incubation at 37° C. for a further hour with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP, Promega). The linearised vectors were purified with a PCR product purification kit (Promega).

An overnight ligation reaction was performed at 16° C. and contained the rGRF3 and the pGRF3 fragments and the linear pCHF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-GFP vectors at a 3:3:1 ratio respectively. One unit of T4 ligase (Fermentas) was used in the 10 μl ligation. To 50 μl of DH5α competent E. coli cells 2 μl of the ligation reaction was added and transformation was carried out by electroporation. The cells were grown in 900 μl of LB medium for 1 hour at 37° C. and shaken at 200 rpm. The cells were centrifuged at 4000 g for 3 minutes, and the cell pellet was spread onto plates of solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated overnight at 37° C.

E. coli colonies were screened by direct colony PCR to ensure that they contained pCHF3-pGRF3:rGRF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-pGRF3:rGRF3-GFP. Two PCR positive single colonies were transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and incubated at 37° C. shaken 220 rpm overnight. Plasmid DNA was isolated using a mini-prep kit (Promega). The integrity of the constructs pCHF3-pGRF3:rGRF3-GIF1 and pCHF3-pGRF3:rGRF3-GFP was confirmed by enzyme digestion and sequencing of the insertion sites.

The plasmids pCHF3-pGRF3:rGRF3-GIF1 or pCHF3-pGRF3:rGRF3-GFP were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain ASE by electroporation. Briefly, 100 ng of plasmid DNA were added to 40 μl of electro-competent A. tumefaciens cells in a pre-chilled electroporation cuvette with 2 mm electrode separation. The cells were electroporated in a GenePulser (Biorad) with the following settings 2.50 kV, 25 μFD and 400 Ohms. Immediately 900 μl of liquid LB medium was added to recover the cells, these were grown at 28° C., shaken at 180 rpm for 2 hours. The A. tumefaciens cultures were spread onto solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated at 28° C. for 48 hours. Single colonies were selected and used to inoculate 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate antibiotics and incubated at 28° C., shaken at 200 rpm for 48 hours. Glycerol stocks and standard inoculums were prepared and stored at −80° C. The plasmids were checked once again, by enzyme digestion, prior to embarking on the Arabidopsis transformation experiments.

Plant Transformation:

Arabidopsis transgenic plants were obtained by floral-dip. The A. tumefaciens transformed with the pCHF3-pGRF3:rGRF3-GIF1, pCHF3-pGRF3:rGRF3-GFP or pCHF3-GIF1 vectors were streaked onto solid LB medium (Sambrook and Russell, 2001) containing appropriate selection and incubated at 28° C. for 48 hours. A single colony was transferred to 10 ml of liquid LB media containing the appropriate selection and transferred to a 28° C. shaker for 48 hours. A 1 ml aliquot of the resulting bacterial suspension was transferred to 100 ml of LB liquid medium with selection and grown over night in a 28° C. shaker. Overnight cultures were spun down at 3,000 g for 5 minutes at R.T. before being resuspended in 100 ml transformation medium (5% sucrose, 0.02% Silwett). Inflorescences from 35 days old plants were dipped into the suspension of Agrobacterium and plants were maintained overnight in darkness. Then plants were maintained in growth rooms at 23° C. with 16 hour day length. Plants were threshed when dry, and seed stored.

Transgenic Selection and Phenotypic Analysis:

Seeds were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol plus 0.05% Tween-20 for 15 minutes and rinsed once in 96% ethanol. Seeds were sown in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 50 μg/ml kanamycin to select the primary transformants. Plants were grown in long photoperiods (16 hr light/8 hr dark) at 23° C. for 6 days, after that selected primary transgenic were transferred to soil and maintained under the same conditions of light and temperature. Leaf area was measured by first taking a photograph of detached fully expanded third leaves from 35 days old plants, and then measuring the foliar area with the NIH software ImageJ. For this analysis, leaves from at least 50 independent primary transgenic plants were collected for each vector.

Conclusions:

rGRF3-GFP increases biomass accumulation but the chimera rGRF3-GIF1 is even more efficient causing a larger effect.

Chimeras containing a GIF moiety can be used to enhance the activity of an existing tool to increase plant biomass.

Chimeras containing a GIF moiety can be used to enhance the activity of modified transcription factors, or synthetically generated transcription factors.

Vector Binary name Construction Chromoson: start-end vector pJD104 GRF3:GRF3-GPF [GRF3:GRF3, 2: 15274101-15270302]-GFP CDS pCHF3 CGC AAC CGT TCA AGA AAG CCT GTG GAA ACT CCA  R   N   R   S   R   K   P   V   E   T   F pJD105 GRF3:rGRF3-GPF [GRF3:rGRF3, 2: 15274101-15270302]-GFP CDS pCHF3 CGC AAC CGT TCT AGA AAA CC A  GT A  GA A  ACT CCA  R   N   R   S   R   K   P   V   E   T   F pJD149 GRF3:GRF3-GIF1 [GRF3:GRF3, 2: 15274101-15270302]-GIF1 CDS pCHF3 pJD150 GRF3:rGRF3-GIF1 [GRF3:rGRF3, 2: 15274101-15270302] pCHF3 (mutations like JD105)-GIF1 CDS pJD155 GRF3:rGRF3-GR [GRF3:rGRF3, 2: 15274101-15270302]-GR CDS- pCHF3 GIF1 GIF1 CDS pJD220 35S:STM-GFP STM CDS-GFP CDS pCHF3 pJD221 35S:STM-GIF1 STM CDS-GIF1 CDS pCHF3 pJD222 35S:TCP2-GIF1 TCP2 CDS-GIF1 CDS pCHF3

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1.-44. (canceled)
 45. A chimeric protein comprising a GIF moiety comprising a GIF domain or fragment thereof, or a polypeptide with an amino acid sequence having at least 85%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of a GIF domain or fragment thereof; and a DBD moiety comprising the DBD or plant transcription factor whose activity enhancement is intended, or a binding protein which is capable of forming a tertiary complex with the DBD or transcription factor whose activity modification and/or enhancement is intended.
 46. The chimeric protein of claim 45, wherein the GIF domain is a GIF1 domain.
 47. The chimeric protein of claim 46, wherein the GIF1 domain is from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 48. The chimeric protein of claim 47, wherein the GIF moiety comprises or consists of a polypeptide selected from GIF1Δ1 (SEQ ID NO: 3), GIF1Δ2 (SEQ ID NO: 4), GIF1Δ3 (SEQ ID NO: 5), GIF1Δ4 (SEQ ID NO: 6), GIF1Δ5 (SEQ ID NO: 7), GIF1Δ6 (SEQ ID NO: 8), GIF1Δ7 (SEQ ID NO: 9), and GIF1Δ10 (SEQ ID NO: 61).
 49. The chimeric protein of claim 45, wherein the GIF moiety consists or substantially consists of a complete GIF protein or a protein with an amino acid sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to a GIF protein.
 50. The chimeric protein of claim 45, wherein the GIF protein is GIF1.
 51. The chimeric protein of claim 50, wherein the GIF1 protein is from Arabidopsis thaliana.
 52. The chimeric protein of claim 51, wherein the GIF moiety has the amino acid SEQ ID NO: 1, or a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:
 1. 53. The chimeric protein of claim 45, wherein the DBD or plant transcription factor in the DBD moiety results in increased plant productivity when its function is enhanced.
 54. The chimeric protein of claim 53, wherein the plant transcription factor is selected from the group consisting of transcription factors whose enhanced function increases plant productivity by means of one or more of increased yield, increased biomass (such as ANT, HB33, GRF3, GRF5, ATAF2, HRC1 and NAC1), increased stress resistance (such as HAHB4 and CBF), increased drought tolerance (such as GRF3, HB4, ABF3, WIN1/SHN1, HARDY and AtNF-YB1), increased drought and cold tolerance (such as DREB1A/CBF3), delayed leaf senescence (such as GRF3), increased seed production (such as OsSPL14), increased seed size (such as ANT), increased root growth, increased root elongation speed, increased growth speed (such as rSPL), modified plant architecture (such as TCPs and SPLs), increased chloroplast number and photosynthetic capacity (such as HB17 and GOLDEN2-like transcription factors GLK1 and GLK2), more efficient carbon partitioning, increased resistance to pathogens (such as AtERF1 and TDR1/ERF98), more efficient nutrient use, increased salt tolerance (such as ERF98 and HARDY), increased target compound production, and combinations thereof.
 55. The chimeric protein of claim 54, wherein the plant transcription factor is a GRF, such as GRF3.
 56. The chimeric protein of claim 45, wherein the GIF moiety and the DBD moiety are connected directly to each other.
 57. The chimeric protein of claim 56, which has an amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 30, and SEQ ID NO: 33, or a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 18, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 30, or SEQ ID NO:
 33. 58. The chimeric protein of claim 45, wherein the GIF moiety and the DBD moiety are connected through a peptide linker.
 59. The chimeric protein of claim 58, wherein the peptide linker is a GR peptide.
 60. The chimeric protein of claim 59, wherein it has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:
 24. 61. A nucleic acid encoding for the chimeric protein of claim
 45. 62. The nucleic acid of claim 61, having a nucleotidic sequence selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, and SEQ ID NO.:34, or a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO.: 19, SEQ ID NO.: 22, SEQ ID NO.: 25, SEQ ID NO.: 31, or SEQ ID NO.:34.
 63. A transgenic plant comprising the nucleic acid of claim
 61. 64. A method of enhancing the activity of a DNA binding domain (DBD) or transcription factor in a plant, the method comprising expressing in said plant the chimeric protein of claim
 45. 